Theory of Strength and Conditioning and Vertical Jump Essay

Theory of Strength and Conditioning and Vertical Jump - Essay Example Young (2006, p. 74) reported that exercises involving bilateral contractions of leg muscles for vertical movements, like squats and jump squats, are not effective in improving performance. In contrast, according to Young (2006, p. 74), plyometric training can lead to â€Å"significant increases in sprint acceleration performance, thus highlighting the importance of movement pattern and contraction velocity specificity.† Further, Harris et al. (2008, p. 691) reported that based on an experiment they conducted among thirty elite rugby athletes, the correlation between sprint ability and jumping ability is generally positive and of moderate to strong magnitude. Adopting the definitions reported by earlier works, Ploeg et al. (2010, p. 39) explained that plyometric exercises or plyometrics are exercises in phases that begins with intense eccentric muscular contractions followed by rapid concentric muscular contraction. Drawing on various works, Ploeg et al. (2010, p. 39) explained that when muscle is stretched, the muscle stores elastic energy briefly and plyometric exercises use the stored energy to assist the concentric contraction to produce more force than what can be provided by a plain concentric action or a concentric contraction.... (2010, p. 40) clarified that alpha motor neurons transmit signals to the muscle group in a ploymetric exercise. The amortization phase in the plyometric activity is crucial in developing the production of power (Ploeg et al. 2010, p. 40). Craig and Judge (2009, p. 75) explained that several studies have shown consistently that overloading the body with a progressive training program will increase muscle size and strengthen the bone. Based on the results of their experiments, Villareal et al. (2008) concluded that moderate plyometrics training programs are more efficient than higher plyometrics training volume but the although their study was limited to short-term or 7-weeks of training and may be applicable for that class of training programs, particularly short-period training programs. In contrast, the evidence reviewed by Craig and Judge (2009, p. 75) covered l training programs with longer time periods. 2.0. Training and Conditioning Appropriate and Physiological Adaptation In de signing training programs, Craig and Judge identifed three important aspects of designing a training program: periodization, resistance training, and training sets (2009, p. 75-76). Turner (2011, p. 34) emphasized on the importance of periodization as an â€Å"optimal strategy for organizing strength and conditioning programs.† Periodization involves the variation of training methods and volume loads for the purpose of â€Å"potentiation of biomotors and the management of fatigue and accommodation† (Turner 2011, p. 34). Turner pointed out that periodization manipulate volume loads and progresses from general to sport-specific training (2011, p. 34). For Turner, although scientific studies are required to establish the use and

Project Phases Essay Example for Free

Project Phases Essay It is a matter of fact that people involved in project management have revealed that every project has its specific characteristics and phases which help to increase its effectiveness. Actually, all projects go through describable and definite phases. Phase transitions are considered an ideal time for updating planning guidelines and objectives and for conducting qualified management review.   Usually, there are three project phases distinguished: planning, scheduling and controlling. Firstly, planning phase suggests that there is a need to evaluate each investment against others. During this phase the presented information should be clear and exact to make project board sure that they have made the right decision to initiate the project.   When panning the project managers specify deliverables and identify requirements for a future plan. In other words, planning suggests identifying what is to be delivered, when, by whom and how. Planning forms the basis for control and management. Secondly, phase of scheduling provides details of project implementation and specifies its peculiarities. This phase ensures that managers have met all set goals and requirements, quality and cost specifications. A number of parallel processes is involved in this phase: monitoring the process, reporting the status, managing possible changes, checking that deliverable will meet the necessary outcomes, dealing problematic issues, etc. Thirdly, controlling phase is the final review of the project. It identifies whether the full scope of the plan has been met and whether the governance has been effective. This phase is very important as it gives the last opportunity to make necessary changes and to correct mistakes if they are present when this phase is over, the project is completed. Summing up all the three project phases are very important and can’t be ignored as they provide the basis for future success or failure of the project. Failure of any phase leads to failure of others if not managed properly. All phases need attention on a continuous basis. References Chapman, James. (2005, March 2). Project Phases. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from http://www.hyperthot.com/pm_fazes.htm

The Evolution of the Internet :: essays research papers

The Evolution of the Internet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   So you believe Al Gore created the Internet? Well that’s not possible, because I did. Yes, it’s true, a few years ago I was sitting in my basement with nothing to do and suddenly the idea came to me: why not create an inter-connected network of networks that will allow users to send mail instantly, download copyrighted songs, and order pizza, all from the comfort of their own living room? OK, so maybe I didn’t exactly invent the Internet, but neither did Al Gore.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So who was the genius behind the information superhighway, you ask? Well let’s take a step back to the sixties, a decade when Cold War tension caused nationwide fear of nuclear warfare. Early in the decade, two groups of researchers, privately owned RAND Corporation (America’s leading nuclear war think-tank) and federal agency ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), grappled with a bizarre strategic mystery: in the event of nuclear war, how could political and military officials communicate successfully? It was obvious that a network, linking cities and military bases, would be necessary. But the advent of the atomic bomb made switches, wiring, and command posts for this network highly vulnerable. A â€Å"nuclear-safe† network would need to operate with missing links and without central authority. In 1964, RAND Corporation’s Paul Barran made public his solution to the problem. Essentially, the concept was simple. Barran’s network would be assumed to be unreliable at all times. Information would be broken into many small pieces called â€Å"packets† and then sent to various points, or nodes, in the network until they reached their destination. ARPA embraced Barran’s idea for three reasons. First, if nuclear bombs blew away large components of the network, data would still reach its destination. Second, it would be relatively secure from espionage, since spies tapping into parts of the network would be able to intercept only portions of transmissions. Lastly, it would be much more efficient because files and transmissions couldn’t clog portions of the network. Only five years after Barran proposed his version of a computer network, ARPANET went online. Named after its federal sponsor, ARPANET initially linked four high-speed supercomputers and was intended to allow scientists and researchers to share computing facilities by long-distance. By 1971, ARPANET had grown to fifteen nodes, and by 1972, thirty-seven. ARPA’s original standard for communication was known as â€Å"Network Control Protocol† or NCP. As time passed, however, NCP grew obsolete and was replaced by a new, higher-level standard known as TCP-IP, which is still in use today.

John Cena

John Felix Anthony Cena[1] (born April 23, 1977)[4] is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is currently signed to WWE. [8] In WWE, Cena has won 19 championships in total, including 12 world titles (having won the WWE Championship a record 10 times[9] and the World Heavyweight Championship twice). In addition, Cena has also won the WWE United States Championship three times,[10] and is a four-time Tag Team Champion, having held the World Tag Team Championship twice (once each with Shawn Michaels and Batista),[11] and the WWE Tag Team Championship twice (once each with David Otunga and The Miz).Cena also won the 2008 Royal Rumble match, the 2012 Money in the Bank contract for the WWE Title, and is a two-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner (2009 and 2010). [12] He is the longest-reigning WWE Champion of the 2000s, having held the title for 380 days from 2006-2007, and also has the fourth highest number of combined days as WWE Champion behind Bob Backlund, Hulk Hog an and Bruno Sammartino. Cena is the only man to fail to capture a world title upon cashing in a Money in the Bank contract.Cena started his professional wrestling career in 2000, wrestling for Ultimate Pro Wrestling, where he held the UPW Heavyweight Championship. In 2001, Cena signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) where he held the OVW Heavyweight Championship and the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (with Rico Constantino). Outside of wrestling, Cena has released the rap album You Can't See Me, which debuted at No. 5 on the US Billboard 200 chart, and starred in the feature films The Marine (2006), 12 Rounds (2009), and Legendary (2010). [13] Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt, Deal or No Deal, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, Punk'd, and Psych. Cena was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars: The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, where he made it to the final round before be ing eliminated, placing third in the overall competition.

Personnel of Establishment (Hrm)

3. 1 Personnel of the Establishment Manager Report to: Owner Department: Administration Duties& responsibilities 1. Estimate food consumption, place orders with suppliers, and schedule delivery of fresh food and beverages. 2. Resolve customer complaints about food quality or service. 3. Direct cleaning of kitchen and dining areas to maintain sanitation standards, and keep appropriate records. 4. Monitor actions of staff and customers to ensure that health and safety standards and liquor regulations are obeyed. 5. Maintain budget and employee records, prepare payroll, and pay bills, or monitor bookkeeping records. . May use computer software to monitor inventory, track staff schedules and pay, and perform other record keeping tasks. 7. Recruit, hire, and oversee training for staff. 8. Schedule work hours for servers and kitchen staff. 9. Monitor food preparation and methods. Waiters/Waitress Report to: Manager/Supervisor Department: Food and beverage Duties & responsibilities 1. Greet ing Customers 2. Offering and serving Beverages & Appetizer 3. Taking and serving meals orders 4. Continued service 5. Delivering the check and accepting payments 6. Provide proper dining service etiquette when serving meals 7. Preparing the dining room for meal service: set tables, set up service areas, refill condiments; be sure dining room and all service pieces are clean. 8. Clear tables, wipe tables and chairs or replace linens and wipe condiment containers. Qualifications: 1. Dining room service experience preferably in a hotel or resort 2. Possess a pleasant and outgoing personality. 3. Detail oriented 4. Ability to work morning, nights, weekends, and holidays. 5. Must have the ability to read, write and communicate in English. 6. Ability to grasp, lift, carry or otherwise move materials weighing up to 70 pounds Restaurant Supervisor Report to: Manager Department: Administration Duties & responsibilities 1. Maintain complete knowledge of and comply with all departmental policies/service procedures/standards. 2. Maintain complete knowledge of correct maintenance and use of equipment. Use equipment only as intended. 3. Anticipate guests' needs, respond promptly and acknowledge all guests, however busy and whatever time of day. 4. .Maintain positive guest relations at all times 5. Resolve guest complaints, ensuring guest satisfaction 6. Check storage areas for proper supplies, organization and cleanliness. Complete requisition for additional supplies needed and submit to Manager. Instruct designated personnel to rectify any cleanliness/organization deficiencies. 7. Meet with the Chef to review daily specials and 86'd items; update board throughout shift. 8. Complete all paperwork and closing duties in accordance with departmental standards. 9. Review status of assignments and any follow-up action with Manager and/or on-coming Supervisor Qualification: 1. Minimum 21 years of age to serve alcoholic beverages 2. 2 years experience as Room Service Server 3. Knowledge of various food service styles (i. e. , French service, Russian service, Family Style service, Butler Style service). . Must have good understanding of the English language Cook Report to: Executive Chef Department: F&B Department Duties & responsibilities 1. Prepares and cooks meats, fish, vegetables, gravies, cereals, soups, fruits, bakery products and other forms of food. 2. Prepares and cooks food for special diets from recipes formulated by qualified personnel. 3. Assists in on-the-job training and assist in directing the work of food service workers, students and other employees within area of assignment 4. Assists in the preparation of salads and desserts 5. Notifies supervisor of food and supplies needed. Checks in food and supplies as necessary. Maintains food production records. 6. Maintains maximum standards of sanitation and safety. Qualification: 1. Ability to stand for long periods of time 2. Ability to lift up to 50 pounds. 3. Ability to provide on-the-job training in food preparation to lower level employees. 4. Ability to maintain effective working relationships with others 5. Ability to read, write and follow instructions Dishwasher Report to: Manger/Supervisor Department: Duties & Responsibilities: 1. Sets up and cleans dish machine area; checks temperatures and soap dispensing levels 2. Stores clean equipment and utensils 3. Assists in maintaining preparation and service areas in a sanitary condition 4. Empties garbage to dump site 5. Sweeps and mops floor 6. Operates a dish machine to wash dishes, glasses, cups, trays, silverware and food service equipments Qualifications: 1. Must possess effective listening skills and the ability to communicate in a clear and concise manner 2. Ability to work independently as well as work as part of team Janitor Report to: Manager/Supervisor Department: Duties & Responsibilities: 1. Cleaning toilets, sweeping/mopping floors, cleaning up spills; cleaning as a whole. . Operate and keep up machines used on the job such as wet and dry vacuums, buffers, and polishers. Executive Chef Report to: Manager/ Supervisor Department: F&B Department Duties and Responsibilities: 1. Supervise food production 2. Prepare food daily as outlined on the Food Production Worksheet 3. Maintain kitchen sanitation and safety standards 4. Assist with set-up, service and clean-up of food production 5. Ensure proper sanitation and storage of kitchen equipment 6. Assist with safety and training procedures in handling of food service 7. Must be able to manage a staff of 10-15 associates Qualifications: . Sanitation Certificate 2. Minimum of 5 years previous Chef experience preferred 3. Previous Health Care Food Service experience preferred 4. Understanding of working with older population 5. Ability to work early morning or evening shifts Sous Chef Report to: Executive Chef Department: F&B Department Duties and Responsibilities: 1. Supervise food production 2. Prepare food daily as outlined on the Food Production Worksheet 3. Maintain kitchen sanitation and safety standards. 4. Assist with set-up, service and clean-up of food production 5. Ensure proper sanitation and storage of kitchen equipment 6. Assist with safety and training procedures in handling of food service equipment 7. Ensure compliance with state local and regulatory agencies as it relates to Food Service Qualifications: 1. High School diploma or equivalent required 2. Sanitation Certificate 3. Previous Chef experience preferred 4. Minimum one year volume cooking experience 5. Previous Health Care Food Service experience preferred 6. Understanding of working with older population 7. Ability to work early morning or evening shifts 8. Culinary education required See table 3. 1: |Personnel’s |No. f personnel’s | |Manager |1 | |Waiters/Waitress |5 | |Restaurant Supervisor |1 | |Cook |4 | |Executive Chef |1 | |Sous Chef |1 | 3. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Type of Business Organization We chose line type functional because this type of organization facilitates decision making due to its simplicity of its organizational structure. It also facilitates discipline and control of individuals and to maintain flexibility with organization as a response a constantly changing conditions and demands of its environment. 3. 3 Proposed Organizational Structure The Italian Restaurant Di Buongusto is established by 8 people, that classified as corporation. This establishment has different position as stated below in Figure 3. 3 The manager of the restaurant is the one who manages and control the business/establishment, and followed by restaurant supervisor that supervised & inspect the establishment and also observe the lower position if they do their job appropriately. Executive Chef is a head chef, that guides the Sous Chef in preparing foods that you will serve in the establishment and takes command of the actual production and the minute-by-minute supervision and scheduling of the kitchen staff. , then waiters is the one who receives the orders of the customers and they are the one who serves, the food to them. Dishwasher/ janitor, they are the one who maintains the cleanliness and orderliness of the establishment FIGURE 3. 3 DI BUONGUSTO ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 3. 4 Proposed Management Principles & Practices MISSON A quality and values will secure our success. We will live by our values, have fun, and take pride in what we do. Our values are to maintain a work environment where people enjoy coming to work, to serve our guests and exceed their expectations, and to be profitable and result oriented. VISSON To provide quality food that tastes good, friendly, attentive servers who make customers feel welcome and clean, well-maintained surroundings and prices that represent a good value. We believe these expectations must be met every time a customer enters in our restaurants. OBJECTIVES 1. To represent commitment to achieve specific performance targets for a certain time. 2. To be must stated in quantifiable terms and contain a deadline for achievements. 3. To spell-out how much of what kind of performance by when. 4. To increase sales growth. 5. To become socially aware and responsible. CORPORATE GOALS ? To have at least 50% return of the investment after a year of operation. ? To maintain liquidity of asset and availability of cash in hand every year. To introduce and develop new product. ? To have another branch after 3 to 4 years. ? To introduce and develop new product. ? To have relaxing and comfortable appeal to the customers. RULES AND REGULATIONS ? Always in proper uniform. ? Pun ctuality. ? Discourage too much jewelry inside the establishment. ? Always observe cleanliness. ? Be courteous and kind to customers. ?   Tips from the customers are centralized. SUNCTIONS ? One (1) week suspension, if an employee bring out food from the establishment without the permission from supervisor. ? Four (4) tardy marks are equivalent to one (1) absence. ? Going outside the establishment in time of work is one (1) week suspension. First Offence = one (2) week Suspension. ? 2nd Offence = two (2) weeks Suspension. ? 3rd Offence = Dismissal from the establishment. 3. 6 TRAINING AND PLACEMENT Identify the training needed for professional growth. In general, chefs and cooks measure, mix, and cook ingredients according to recipes, using a variety of pots, pans, cutlery, and other equipment, including ovens, broilers, grills, grinders, and blenders. Chefs and head cooks also are responsible for directing the work of other kitchen workers, estimating food requirements, and order ing food supplies. Larger restaurants and food services establishments tend to have varied menus and larger kitchen staffs. They often include several chefs and cooks, sometimes called assistant or line cooks, along with other lesser skilled kitchen workers, such as food preparation workers. Each chef or cook works an assigned station that is equipped with the types of stoves, grills, pans, and ingredients needed for the foods prepared at that station. Job titles often reflect the principal ingredient prepared or the type of cooking performed. Most fast-food or short-order cooks and food preparation workers require little education or training; most skills are learned on the job. Training generally starts with basic sanitation and workplace safety subjects and continues with instruction on food handling, preparation, and cooking procedures. A high school diploma is not required for beginning jobs, but it is recommended for those planning a career as a cook or chef. High school or vocational school programs may offer courses in basic food safety and handling procedures and general business and computer classes for those who want to manage or open their own place. Many school districts, in cooperation with State departments of education, provide on-the-job training and summer workshops for cafeteria kitchen workers who aspire to become cooks. Large corporations in the food services and hospitality industries also offer paid internships and summer jobs to those just starting out in the field. Internships provide valuable experience and can lead to placement in more formal chef training programs. Process of promotions (criteria) evaluation performance. The new criteria introduce several innovations. With the new guidelines, individuals are not categorized into a single set of criteria. Rather, there is a flexible structure that provides a menu of options, allowing assembly of a profile that reflects the unique combination of activities and accomplishments of each member. The criteria also recognize the importance about their jobs. This structure allows the sum total of an individual’s achievements to be considered in the evaluation for promotion. |3. Salary Administration | |The Di Buongusto (Pizza and Pasta Restaurant) will hire one manager with a salary ranging from P12,000 to P13,000 per month. Two Chef with | |a salary from P30,000 to 31,200 per month. Five waiter with a salary ranging from P9,000 to P9,932. One restaurant supervisor with a | |salary from P11,0 00 to 11,700. Four cook with a salary of P9,500 to 10,400. Three dishwasher with a salary ranging from P9,000 to P9,932. | |Two janitor with a salary ranging from P9,000 to P9,932. | |Manager | |P 500. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |  P 156,000. 0 | | | |Chef | |P 1,200. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 374,400. 00 | | | |Waiter | |P 382. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 119,184. 0 | | | |Restaurant supervisor | |P 450. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 140,400. 00 | | | |Cook | |P 400. 0/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 124,800. 00 | | | |Dish washer | |P 382. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 119,184. 00 | | | |Janitor | |P 382. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 119,184. 0 | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total salary :  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P 1,153,152. 00 | 3. 8 Employees Benefits ? SSS ? Sick Leave ? Emergency Leave ? Maternity/ Paternity Leave ? Transportation Allowance ? Free food ? 13th Month Pay ? Sack of rice Every 2 months ? Perfect attendance (get Php. 500. 00 every pay day) 3. 9 Operating Rules House Rules 1. All employees should wear the proper uniform. 2. All employees should always come to work on time. 3. All employees should obey and respect whoever is higher to them. 4. All employees must be friendly to the customers. 5. Always smile. 6. All employees must remember that the customer is always right. 7. No resting during working hours. 8. Clean the area always. Customer Rules 1. Customers must wear a proper attire. 2. No wearing of sleeveless shirts, shorts and slippers. 3. Pets are not allowed inside the establishment. 4. No firearms allowed. Fire and Safety Rules 1. Location and number of fire extinguishers should be decided according to the material stored in the building. 2. Expert advice should be taken in installing fire safety equipments and smoke detectors. 3. Fire fighting equipment and signage should be prominently displayed. 4. All employees must be well-trained when an emergency occurs. 5. An established chain of commands and procedures to be followed in an emergency, including an evacuation plan. 6. Designation of a person or committee to oversee the safety plan and establishment procedures. 7. Make sure the establishment has up-to-date fire alarms, a working sprinkler system and/or fire extinguishers and a first-aid kit and other safety equipment on site. 8. Be prepared for regular fire inspection visits by knowing local fire and safety codes. Sanitation Rules 1. All employees should wear clean outer clothing to prevent contamination of food, equipments, utensils, and linens. 2. All employees experiencing persistent sneezing, coughing, or runny nose that causes discharges from the eyes, nose, or mouth may not work with exposed food; clean equipments, utensils and linens. 3. All employees should wash their hands before and after working to avoid contamination. 4. All employees must not use a utensil more than once to taste food that is to be sold or served. 5. Raw ready-to-eat food shall be stored separately from ready-to-eat food. 6. Food shall be obtained from sources that comply with all laws relating to food and food labeling. 7. All employees must have a proper hygiene. Plumbing Rules 1. Water service lines must be installed to a point along road frontage of a lot where city water is available. 2. A minimum of 10’ between any driveway and the service line must be maintained. 3. Clean-outs must be provided. 4. The property owner is responsible for ensuring the integrity and accessibility of the property line clean-out. 5. Must regularly check the water lines of the establishments. 6. Plumbing Inspectors and/or his designee shall make all required inspections, or shall accept reports of inspections by approved agencies or individuals. CHAPTER 3 Management and Personnel Feasibility Submitted by: 3HRM04 ———————– OWNER RESTAURANT MANAGER RESTAURANT SUPERVISOR SERVICE FOOD & BEVERAGES WAITERS EXECUTIVE CHEF DISHWASHER/ JANITOR SOUS CHEF COOK

Celebrate the Saturnalia Festival

Celebrate the Saturnalia Festival For how many years shall this festival abide! Never shall age destroy so holy a day! While the hills of Latium remain and father Tiber, while thy Rome stands and the Capitol thou hast restored to the world, it shall continue.- Saturnalia Conspicuous Consumption in Saturnalia as in Christmas Around Christmas, its often difficult to separate commerce from religion. I want to do something different this year. Put up something other than a Christmas tree and creche to which the wooden wise men move nearer each day. Maybe Ill wear a funny peaked cap, buy my friends beeswax candles useful gifts in the event of a power failure, let my son (as Lord of Misrule) plan the day, and just maybe Ill celebrate it early... on December 17, the day of the Saturnalia. The Increasing Period of Saturnalia Celebration This Saturnalia problem may sound familiar. After all, stores put out their Christmas merchandise before Halloween these days. The Saturnalia was originally celebrated in Ancient Rome for only a day, but it was so popular it soon lasted a week, despite Augustus efforts to reduce it to three days, and Caligulas, to five. Like our Christmas, this important holy day (feriae publicae) was for more than fun and games. Saturnalia was a time to honor the god of sowing, Saturn. But again, like our Christmas, it was also a festival day (dies festus) on which a public banquet was prepared. An effigy of the god was probably one of the guests. Saturnalia Was the Best Part of the Roman Year The poet Catullus describes Saturnalia as the best of days. It was a time of celebration, visits to friends, and gift-giving, particularly of wax candles (cerei), and earthenware figurines (sigillaria). The best part of the Saturnalia (for slaves) was the temporary reversal of roles. Masters served meals to their slaves who were permitted the unaccustomed luxuries of leisure and gambling. Clothing was relaxed and included the peaked woollen cap that symbolized the freed slave, which looks an awful lot like Santa Clauss peaked red hat . A member of the familia (family plus slaves) was appointed Saturnalicius princeps, roughly, Lord of Misrule. Celebrate the Saturnalia in the 21st Century Im not alone in my desire to do something... old. Biblioteca Arcana and Nova Roma offer suggestions for turning December 17 into a celebration of Saturnalia. Bringing trees indoors to decorate is a modern custom. Nova Roma suggests decorating outdoor trees with sun and star symbols  and using swathes of greenery over doorways, windows, and on people. But Nova Roma emphasizes that decorations are secondary to revelry, feasting, drinking, merry-making, pranks, and gift-giving of Saturnalia. If you can get your friends and neighbors in the spirit, wrangle a parade permit from your municipality so you can dance (like a Roman) in the street. Biblioteca Arcanas suggestions are for celebrating the religious aspects of the Saturnalia and its two adjoining holidays, the Opalia for Saturns wife, Ops, goddess of plenty, and the Consualia for Consus, god of the storage bin. The site provides a complete ritual with an equipment list, information on preparation, location, timing, the banquet, and the conclusion. Io Saturnalia! Also see: Saturnalia Article

Pan Paniscus essays

Pan Paniscus essays The primate pan paniscus, also known as bonobo or pygmy chimpanzee, is one of the last of the Great Apes, and was completely unknown to scientists until just seventy-five years ago. Before the day in 1929 when the true identity of its skull was found out, it sat in a Belgium museum, thought to have simply been the skull of a young chimpanzee. Fortunately, German anatomist Ernst Schwarz realized that the skull did in fact belong to an adult, but not an adult chimpanzee, marking the discovery of a new species. After the extensive research done over the years on this species, it has been discovered that the less aggressive bonobos are in fact more human-like in behavior than their chimpanzee cousins, and are the closest living relative to homo sapiens. The bonobo is located in the Central Zaire Basin in Africa, though in the center of this area bonobos cannot be found. The bonobos range was thought to be continuous, but after many observations it has been decided that the species is actually quite rare in many areas, and common only in a few scattered areas. Bonobos dwell in a variety of forest types, including primary and secondary tropical rainforests, along with some living in swamp forests. Bonobos sleep in nests that they build in trees, usually made at approximately sixty-five feet above the ground (Lee 125). In some wet regions, for example the Lake Tumba area, seasonal nomadism can be extensive. Since bonobos have no problem wading though shallow water, long-distance nomadism is quite common. This species uses a variety of locomotion patterns. While it mostly moves quadrupedally, more specifically by knuckle-walking, most often, the bonobo has been known to move bipedally on occasion (Lee 125). Bonobos are also agile in t rees, being able to climb them and swing or leap between branches with ease. With major threats such as hunting and habitat loss, the bonobo is a highly endangered species. Traditional methods of slash...

What career in management would be the best fit for me

What career in management would be the best fit for me A career in management has many components such as strategic planning, measuring success, HR and the list continues. The management field can be so broad and versatile you are bound to find your perfect fit in a company. Being in the management field requires a good mix of both people and analytical skills. Good leadership is a must in management! Thinking about a career in management? This quiz is perfect for helping you decide which would be the best.Source [ Playbuzz ]

The Darwin Natural Selection and Its Relation to Science and Religion Essay

The Darwin Natural Selection and Its Relation to Science and Religion - Essay Example One of the theologians who have out rightly denied the existence of God is Charles Darwin. His theology of natural selection has raised many eyebrows in awe and in despising. Moreover many theologians have ignored and contemplated positively and negatively on his discovery. Nevertheless, it is impossible to favor Darwin and his natural selection theory when the creation itself is so complex that it demands a creator. But when it comes to Philosophers and theologians, many have stated that God and religion solely have a role to play in the creation of this universe and its beings. Let us look at Paley, Gregory, Dennett, Dawes and Kitcher we can see that they are against and in favor sometimes to the Darwin’s theory. Darwin proclaims that human beings have evolved from Apes. This is not acceptable for many of the philosophers who deeply believe in God and his creative power. Here we get to understand and analyze the theory of other thinkers with that of the Darwin. However Darwi n has propagated his idea and thoughts in such a meaningful way that many thinkers and philosophers had to agree with his theology .Still nature is so complex and human intelligence is so shockingly exquisite, the creator needs to be in backstage to maintain this universe. Paley’s Theology and Darwin’s Theory Paley is a thinker who has attempted to establish God’s existence throughout his theology. According to him if a person finds a stone on the road, he would not think twice, but if it is a watch then one would think of the creator of the watch. Why is that people never thinking about the creator of the stone? He is attempting to prove to people that nothing comes into existence accidentally. Here Paley is out rightly ignoring the â€Å" The natural selection† theory of Darwin. Paley is not only claiming the existence of God but he is further tries to describe some attributes of God.Paley points out to people the complex design of various animal specie s itself is a strong evidence of the existence and power of God. Darwin is of the opinion that mutations in the gene of Chimpanzee along the years have given rise to Homo sapiens. His theory of evolution is sensible, but if the animal species are evolved to form human beings why does those animal species till exist. Moreover, what is the reason for human not further more evolving? Human has been the same for thousands of years. Here comes in the scenario. ‘God’ who is a supreme being who creates, preserve and destructs his creation. Paley is right in mentioning that there is a creator behind stone just like a watch. In Universe nothing happens on accident, everything has a reason. It is strongly unreasonable to assume that animals changed shape and form randomly due to natural selection. Platinga and Darwin Theory Platinga is a theologian who supported Christianity and the existence of God as a ‘creator of universe’. He is against ‘naturalism’ and claims that if existence is due to mutation and nature’s selection of the best animal attribute, then our cognitive and physical senses would have been completely reliable. With these statements Platinga is going against the theory of evolution and Charles Darwin.Platinga is a believer of God and his opinion is that one does not need proof to believe in God. He stated that the existence of God is manifested to the physical senses without any evidential proof. Here Plantinga puts forward an evolutionary argument against the theory of naturalism of Darwin. The Darwin naturalism theory has no ground for supernatural processes and God.Plantinga suggests that if naturalism and evolution are true then there is a meager or low chance

Expert Systems Applied to Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Expert Systems Applied to - Essay Example Expert systems consist of a number of components such as the knowledge base, the inference engine and the user interface. The knowledge base contains all the data and information collected from the domain whereas the inference engine manipulates this information in looking to find a recommended course of action. The User interface provides the platform through which the system user can interact with the program. The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine primarily focuses on developing programs that can carry out diagnostic functions and suggest therapeutic recommendations. They are based on representative models of ailment entities in relation to factors such as their clinical manifestation and their ramifications on patient factors. Knowledge based systems are commonly used in clinical situations since they can withhold a vast knowledge base especially with regards to a particularly defined task. For this reason, the use of expert systems in the medical field applies in various functions within a hospital. For instance, expert systems can be used for generating reminders and alerts in real-time scenarios where they are attached to monitors as indicators used in monitoring changes in the condition of patients. In relatively acute cases, they can be used to scan lab test outcomes or medication prescriptions and generate reminders and alerts through e-mail or text message systems. Expert systems can also be used for diagnostic aid where the patient data can be checked against a system’s knowledge base to try and come up with accurate diagnosis in cases where the case of a patient is complex or unique or the diagnostician is relatively inexperienced (Wai et al. par. 63). An example of one such system is DXplain; a clinical decision support mechanism used to aid in diagnosis by looking at a set of symptoms, signs and laboratory results and generating a ranked list of possible diagnoses while at the same

Cross cultural management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Cross cultural management - Term Paper Example During the spring festival, people living in far places travel back home in order to celebrate together with their relatives. The events taking place during this festival makes it period the busiest event in the Chinese calendar. Mostly, the festival falls during the first day of the first lunar month, which in most cases comes later than the Gregorian calendar. The Chinese history traces the origin of this festival back to the Shang Dynasty, an era when people used to sacrifice to the gods, and their ancestors at the end and the beginning of the year (Wei, 2011). To them, it was a way of thanksgiving to the gods. Although the event lasts for a long period, the first three days of the month are most important days. With the event becoming more important in the celebration of the Chinese heritage, the government now stipulates that people should have at least seven days off in its celebration (Pan & Tang, 2004). This shows how the event is important even at the national level. People celebrate many events during the spring festival. ... ry eve, which falls on the twenty third day of the twelfth month, people start preparing for the event called â€Å"Seeing the New year in.† the busiest people in the society at this time are store owners as people buy food to cook on the big occasion, new clothes, house decorations, among others (Pan & Tang, 2004). On the day of the New Year, people dress up early in the morning, and the first thing is extending greetings to their parents. The elder ones then give gifts to the children in form of money wrapped in red paper. Then the celebrations, which involve specially prepared and good food prepared in accordance to their culture (Wei, 2011). The lantern Festival The lantern festival, which falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, in the Gregorian calendar falls between the February and March. The event, having begun in the Western Han Dynasty, over time has gained significance, until the present day China. Interestingly, just as the name suggests, the most impo rtant event that takes place during this festival is watching lanterns. History points out that during the Han Dynasty, Buddhism flourished more in china than in any other part of the world. One of the Chinese emperors on hearing that Buddhist monks would watch sarira (remains of the cremated body of Buddha), on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month under the light of lanterns, he ordered the rest of the people to respect the Buddha on this day (Wei, 2011). With time however, the event became more popular among the Chinese people, thus maintaining its popularity in the Chinese society. People, during these celebrations prepare special food called yuanxiao or rice dumping, hence the common name, â€Å"yuanxiao festival† among the people. Additionally, people guess lantern riddles at night, while

Working in a Health and Wellness Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working in a Health and Wellness Company - Essay Example Problems such as obesity can be attributed to the element of poor diet where individuals consume more of a particular type of food that is mostly rich in fats. Therefore, I would advise the clients on the proper measures they can take in order to overcome this problem. As a consultant, I would also facilitate in updating membership information as well as receiving payments for various services from the members of the club.  Apart from advising the clients about the measures they can take in order to improve their health, our company also specialized in offering training sessions to the clients so that they can improve their wellness. Our company has specially designed facilities that are meant for training and development in a bid to improve the physical fitness of the clients. The company has a gymnasium that is equipped with state-of-the-art equipment that can be used by the clients for all their requirements in carrying out physical exercises. The company also has sporting groun ds where the clients can engage in sporting activities such as cycling, athletics, soccer, and basketball. Our company has a strong orientation towards sporting activities since we believe that it is very important in the health and welfare of the people. The company encourages members to form teams and it often sponsors tournaments as a way of motivating the targeted people to take an active role in the sport.  The company also offers herbal solutions that can be used to improve the health and wellness of different people. One important aspect of the company is that it specializes in using natural solutions to address the health concerns of the people. The company has a staff complement of about 30 employees and it operates three branches in the Kent area. The company has a competitive advantage in that it offers unique products that are not matched by the other products and services offered by other companies.

Abortion Ethical Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abortion Ethical Issue - Essay Example Abortion, to the pro-life supporter, is simply without a doubt, murder. Millions of people feel that it is unethical and immoral. When you watch TV and you see stories about children that have been beaten or killed by their parents, relatives, or even by a complete stranger. People become completely upset and outraged and want to know how something like this could happen? Thousands of people are crying for those poor innocent, defenseless, unborn children. But yet, when it comes to abortion everybody is quick to say that it’s not murder because the child is not born yet. Those who are against abortion would disagree, they believe that from the moment of conception the embryo or a fetus is full of life and then consider a living being. People don’t realize how these babies are being destroyed. For instead one form of abortion is to cut out the fetus into pieces with serrated forceps before being removed. Then piece by piece is removed by a vacuum aspirator. Another form of abortion is to bring the fetus feet first into the birth canal, only to puncture its skull and sucking out the brain tissue. Then the body parts are removed being labeled as letters instead of being called what they really are. Then the remains of the fetus into plastic bags and then thrown in a dumpster to be disposed of. Then, on the other hand, you have a pro-choice supporter. They believe that women have the right to do to their body whatever she sees fit. Obviously, people will never agree on the abortion issue. They will either be Pro-Life or they will be Pro-Choice. Whatever they decide it will always be hot issues to debate-lifers believe that each human being from the time of fertilization to natural death has immeasurable dignit y and an unalienable right to life. An embryo is distinctively human life so should be provided the equivalent respect, moral status, esteem and dignity given to an infant, child or adult.  Ã‚  

Working in a Health and Wellness Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working in a Health and Wellness Company - Essay Example Problems such as obesity can be attributed to the element of poor diet where individuals consume more of a particular type of food that is mostly rich in fats. Therefore, I would advise the clients on the proper measures they can take in order to overcome this problem. As a consultant, I would also facilitate in updating membership information as well as receiving payments for various services from the members of the club.  Apart from advising the clients about the measures they can take in order to improve their health, our company also specialized in offering training sessions to the clients so that they can improve their wellness. Our company has specially designed facilities that are meant for training and development in a bid to improve the physical fitness of the clients. The company has a gymnasium that is equipped with state-of-the-art equipment that can be used by the clients for all their requirements in carrying out physical exercises. The company also has sporting groun ds where the clients can engage in sporting activities such as cycling, athletics, soccer, and basketball. Our company has a strong orientation towards sporting activities since we believe that it is very important in the health and welfare of the people. The company encourages members to form teams and it often sponsors tournaments as a way of motivating the targeted people to take an active role in the sport.  The company also offers herbal solutions that can be used to improve the health and wellness of different people. One important aspect of the company is that it specializes in using natural solutions to address the health concerns of the people. The company has a staff complement of about 30 employees and it operates three branches in the Kent area. The company has a competitive advantage in that it offers unique products that are not matched by the other products and services offered by other companies.

How Business Works Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

How Business Works - Assignment Example Preparation and filling of the Articles of Association with the secretary of state is the other requirement of registering a corporation. On this note, a fee of $100 is paid for the filing of articles (Legislative Analyst’s Office). Creation of the corporation bylaws is the fourth procedure required in the formation of a corporation though no specific criteria is outlined for the corporations to follow. According to information from the Legislative Analyst’s Office, filling of an information statement with the state secretary is done where a fee of $25 is paid. The filing of this information should be done within ninety days. The next step encompass holding a meeting with the company’s incorporators. This is followed by issuing of stock certificates to the original owners of the corporation. Another important step is to obtain necessary local license needed to run the business. The final step involves determining the tax obligations for the corporation, which marks the end of registration process. The rate of income tax that applies to corporations in California ranges between 8.84% and a flat rate. The corporate fees and taxes in California state is different from those of neigbouring states like Oregon, Nevada, and even Arizona. Information from the Legislative Analyst’s Office indicates that the state of California tops in levying a broad based tax on the corporate profits. Legislative Analyst’s Office. California’s Tax System: A Primer. California’s Nonpartisan Fiscal And Policy Advisor, April 2007. Web. February14, 2013

The spanish conquerors Essay Example for Free

The spanish conquerors Essay By the 16th century the Spanish empire was sending expeditions to expand their colonies. With the blessing of the Pope the Spaniards sent expeditions mainly to expand their economy in the guise of spreading the Catholic Faith. Countries like Cuba, Philippines, Mexico and etc. were colonized. The Spanish fleet landed at the Yucatan and Mexican Coasts and started conquering the land in the name of the King of Spain who they say was put in power by God himself. Mexico was named New Spain and was under their rule for three hundred years. There were revolutions by the indigenous groups but none was successful due to advance artilleries of the Spanish Conquerors. Any uprising was immediately crushed by the government. They were subjected to Catholicism, slavery, tributes and other Spanish customs. Churches, Schools and other institutions where built to further pacify the natives. Friars and Dominican priests were sent to educate them and to localize the Catholic Faith so that it would be easier for the natives to make the transition. The Spanish Regime introduced the â€Å"Suffering Christ† which taught the people to be patient and endure sufferings for those who do so will be rewarded in the end. Religion was used by the Spaniards as a tool for oppression and as a way of collecting taxes. In the structure of the Spanish government, religion is regarded as more powerful than the social justice therefore everyone is subjected to the Church making it the most power institution in society. The priest on the other hand was the most powerful individual in society. Tributes were collected from the natives. All its natural resources, mainly silver, wheat, sugar cane, and etc was exploited for the purpose of export to other countries. This caused unrest since there is a flow of wealth out of the country leaving Mexico impoverished. Land was confiscated from the natives and was transformed into Haciendas wherein they planted money crops having the natives as farmers. Only a portion of the land was rented to the natives and some are even held as slaves. The crops were exported through the Galleon Trade which supported the economy of Spain. Social class was also changed in favor of the conquerors. The highest among the class were the Peninsulares which are composed of pure blooded Spaniards who where born in Spain. Next to them are the Creoles which are pure blooded Spaniards born in the colonies of Spain. Then the Mestizo which is half Spanish individuals and then the natives which are regarded as higher than the blacks. The irony of it is that the natives are the ones who rightfully own the land but they are the lowest in the social strata. They were the ones subjected to taxes, land acquisitions of friars, polo y servicio which is a required service for the government for a span of six months in a year without pay, curfews and other laws that directly undermine their rights as citizens of their country. The natives were also forced to strictly follow the religious customs and totally abandon their pagan religion and demigods. They were baptized and those who refuse to do so are called as an outcast in society which they call as â€Å"excomunicado†. The excomunicados are stripped of what little right a citizen has and at time hunted by the church and imprisoned or exiled. There was also little social mobility since the social strata was based on race. If one is born a native, there is no hope from him to alleviate his strata and will therefore suffer the same faith that his ancestors did. It was impossible to move from one class to another unless you marry those of the upper class. However this case is only applicable to native women since the Peninsulares are very protective of their women. This posted a problem for the Native men since all mothers wanted their daughters to marry a Peninsular creating a shortage in wives for the native men. High positions in the government were also limited to the upper classes which are the Peninsulares. This led to social unrest since the Creoles wanted to hold office. This created resentment and dissatisfaction among the classes. Many factors affected the declaration of freedom from Spain and some of these are the problems mentioned above. First is the inequality brought about by the case system, the flow of wealth which directly benefits Spain, the inability of Spain to support the needs of its colonies since at that time there was also crisis in their own nation, and the influx of new ideas from Europe and America with regards to Liberalism and democracy. After three hundred years of being under the Spanish Rule freedom was given to the native.

Awareness of Pharmacist Health Care Systems

Awareness of Pharmacist Health Care Systems Abstract:- The aim of the study was to investigate the awareness of local population of Islamabad region regarding the pharmacists and their supplementary/independent prescribing in a primary health care system, and further to identify the importance and need of pharmacist’s independent prescribing. Also to prove that the introduction of pharmacist’s prescribing has the potential to minimize fragmentation within the primary health care system, optimize management of medication, and improve patient care and access to medication. We performed an observational study on patients who visited the pharmacies for medication, and took their views and suggestions through a calibrated questionnaire to evaluate the importance and need of pharmacist independent prescribing. After the consent from the patient, complete medical history was noted and Physical Examination were performed to diagnose the disease and need of the patient. Appropriate prescribing and Interventions were done. After one week telephone calls were made to record the response of patients. Majority of population was in the favor of pharmacist independent prescribing. Introduction: From the last few decades the health care got a tremendous change which make it more accessible to the common person. Pharmacist who is an important part of healthcare team, now his roles have extended from the traditional job of dispensing medicines and elementary medication counseling to working with other health-care professionals at patient bed site and in community (Nkansah, Mostovetsky et al. 2010). Pharmacists are among the most easily available health-care providers. They have roles in medication review, health promotion, and disease management, with in-depth knowledge of pharmacology, clinical Pharmacotheraputics, and patient care skills that are currently underused. Prescribing is not an easy task; it involves significant expertise to apply drug therapy skills, but that is a type of skill that pharmacists can improve. Independent prescribers are responsible for the evaluation of the patients with diagnosed or un-diagnosed disorders, and for decisions about the clinical mana gement required and drawing up a treatment plan. The independent prescriber also has the authority to prescribe the medicines required as part of the plan. United Kingdom was the leading country which introduced new role i.e., Pharmacist independent Prescriber (Avery and Pringle 2005).In United States 38 states were allowed for Collaborative drug therapy management in 2003, however Florida was pioneered in Independent Pharmacist Prescribing (Tonna, Stewart et al. 2008). Method and Materials: Design of this study was based on observational method. A survey was done in order to make findings about independent prescribing of pharmacist in the region of Islamabad. Customers of different pharmacies are being asked questions about prescribing manners in the form of questionnaire. By using this method, full medication history from the patient was available to assess the patient compliance, their understanding of the disease, treatment and related issues. Three Pharmacies of Islamabad Region were selected to accomplish the purposes of this study. Twenty nine patients were randomly selected from these pharmacies who visited the pharmacies with some general diseases and asked the pharmacist for medication. The selected population of twenty nine patients was informed and made clear about the objectives and purposes of the research study and a permission was taken from each of the patient involved in this study through the consent form. The Pharmacists at the pharmacies were provided with a case history sheet to take history of the patients so that effective medication with minimum interactions could be provided. The history sheet included patient’s name, age, sex, chief complaint, history of present illness, the diagnosis made etc. Each of the twenty nine patients visiting the pharmacies was asked about their medication histories and the history sheets were filled to keep the record. After the review of patient history, diagnosis was made and prescription was given to the patient. The therapy outcomes and patient satisfaction was evaluated by telephonic interviews from each of the patient. For this purpose a questionnaire was designed, which contained validated questions to evaluate patient satisfaction with the therapy outcomes and patients were asked for their views and suggestions about independent prescribing by the pharmacist. This questionnaire contained open ended, close ended and choice questions that helped to assess the need of pharmacist in primary health care system as independent prescriber. Results:- The first question which was asked to the patients was whether they know about the pharmacist. This question helped to evaluate how much population of Islamabad region is familiar with pharmacist. 93.1% of population in this study was knew about pharmacist. Discussion:- This study has considered the views of patients about pharmacist independent prescribing. The patients involved in this study were all supportive of pharmacist independent prescribing. Patients were satisfied majorly due to the cost effective medications prescribed by the pharmacist and reduced/minimal hospital visits that contributed to save the fee of physician. As when there is a pharmacist available in a community, the burden on the shoulders of a physician is much reduced, patients do not need to take appointments from the physician, hence, it’s time saving for the patients to visit the pharmacist for the medication. Some patients suggested for a separate independent setup for the pharmacist. These were the patients who were fully satisfied with the independent prescribing of a pharmacist. Some of the patients suggested that pharmacist has more knowledge about medicines, their interactions, contraindications, ADRs so they can prescribe independently. In this study majority of the patients were satisfied with the therapeutic outcome of the Pharmacist Prescribing. Similar studies was conducted in UK and it was found that the participants highly appreciated the extending scope of practice for pharmacist (Latter, Blenkinsopp et al. 2010). Another study, Pharmacists were evaluated for their independent prescribing and it was found that patients were satisfied with the pharmacist knowledge and their prescription (Stewart, MacLure et al. 2011). Recently a survey was conducted regarding patients experience and perception of care provided by the pharmacist independent prescriber, most of the patients were satisfied with the pharmacist prescribing. In comparison with Physician prescribing, most of the patients stated no difference in their practice of care provided (Tinelli, Blenkinsopp et al. 2013). Conclusion:- All patients in this study were supportive of pharmacist independent prescribing in primary health care system. There should be an independent setup for the pharmacist to practice diagnosis and prescribe rationalized treatment. Pharmacists are good in general diseases but need practice in broader area of major diseases.

John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath :: John Steinbeck Grapes Wrath Essays

John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath Throughout his book, the Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck employs the principles of Foucault’s theory that power exists as a result of consent. This is particularly the case in the relations between the Joad family. Chapter ten includes specific scenes in which the family members’ assumed positions of power are focused on and explained. When Jim Casy asks if he can accompany the Joads on their migratory trip to California, Ma looks to Tom to speak, â€Å"because he [is] a man†. Ma is clearly consenting to Tom’s power over her as a male figure, not because he told her he had the right to speak first, but because she allowed him to hold that prerogative. Foucault also argues that identity perception is related to various modes of discourse that are specific to historical eras; apparently, the idea that women are subordinate to men has been established in behavior, media, or any other entity that influences the way people think. When the rest of the Joad family returns on the truck after attempting to sell the last of their belongings, Steinbeck uses three pages to describe each family member’s place on the truck and why they belong there. Al is the â€Å"proud and serious and efficient† driver of the truck, earning the family’s respect for his responsibility in manning the vehicle. This exemplifies Foucault’s idea of transaction: the family consents to Al’s power because they will be affected if the truck malfunctions. Rose of Sharon is a balanced, self-satisfied, and all-knowing woman whose husband, Connie, is alarmed by the dramatic change in her behavior since the onset of pregnancy: although he once controlled her, he now feels weakened in his power because he has let her complacency control him. Pa and Uncle John, as â€Å"heads of the clan,† sit in the â€Å"honor seats† beside Al; however, Uncle John secretly wants Rose of Sharon to take his pla ce because he is uneasy inside and knows she is surer of herself. Uncle John’s power is one of dogma, while Rose of Sharon’s is self-asserted. The entire Joad family then holds a council meeting to discuss their plans for departure. Again, everyone has his or her ordained placement: the men squat in an inner circle, while the women stand around them.

Environmental Hazards Essay

If someone was to ask you, â€Å"What is an open dump? † What would you say? Would you know what to tell them? An open dump is abandoned piles of household garbage, bags of yard waste, appliances, old barrels, used tires, and demolition debris can threaten the health of wildlife, the environment, and humans. They can cause such health, environmental, and safety issues as fires or explosions, the inhalation of toxic gases, injuries to children playing in or around the dumpsites (I have personal experience of cutting my foot on broken glass as a child playing in an open dump), diseases carried by flies, rodents and mosquitos, and other hazards. Open Dumps, 1996 – 2011). Early Landfill Believe it or not, landfills go way back in history. Of course, back then they were called â€Å"garbage dumps. † For instance, early American settlers used to deal with their garbage by dumping it over the back fence, burying it in their back yards, or dumping it in rivers. They also would burn their garbage. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). We can go even further back in history with this subject. Case in point: Did you know the cause of the bubonic plague (14th century) was too much garbage in the streets? Allow me to explain. The bubonic plague, also called, the â€Å"black death,† spread through Africa, Asia, nd Europe, killing 75 million people. What these people did not know at the time was they had too much garbage in their streets. There was so much it was in piles. These piles of garbage in turn attracted rats. The rats had fleas. The fleas carried the disease. With rats carrying the disease from place to place, the lack of sanitation made it the worst epidemic in human history. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). Many of the early landfills were made in wetlands. These wetlands were thought to be wasteland at that time. These landfills leaked into lakes and rivers and built up gases, such as methane. As garbage rots, it gives off a flammable gas, called methane. Because of this many garbage dumps would catch fire or explode! The first garbage burning plant was built in 1885 in New York on Governor’s Island. It was called an â€Å"incinerator. † There were 300 incinerators burning garbage in the U. S. by 1914. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). Leachate – The most serious problem with landfills is groundwater contamination. As water percolates through the ground (like water does in a coffeemaker), chemicals can be released in the ground and get carried along in a process called leaching. The resulting water with the various pollutants is called leachate. As the water percolates through Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), a noxious leachate is generated that consists of residues various decomposing organic matter mixed with various metals from rusting items in the landfills. This can funnel directly into the groundwater without correct precautionary measures. (Wright, 2011). Methane – Municipal Solid Waste is about 2/3 organic material. Because of this, it is subject to natural decomposition. Buried wastes are anaerobic, meaning they decompose without oxygen. A major by-product of this process produces a combination of about 2/3 methane and 1/3 hydrogen and carbon dioxide, called biogas. This is a highly flammable mixture. This has caused homes to explode at up to 1000 feet away and has caused some deaths. Also, gases seeping up to the surface have killed vegetation by poisoning their roots. (Wright, 2011). Incomplete Decomposition – Commonly used plastics resist natural decomposition because of their molecular structure. Microbes are unable to digest them because they are polymers of petroleum-based compounds. There have been biodegradable plastic polymers developed from other sources, such as cornstarch, lactic acid, cellulose, and soybean protein, as well as petroleum. Wright, 2011). Settling – Finally, as waste compacts and decomposes, it settles. This problem was recognized from the beginning and there have been no buildings built on landfills. Settling creates shallow depressions that collect and hold water. These can also be deep holes. This can be addressed by continuous monitoring and filling to restore it to a level surface. (Wright, 2011). Modern Landfill Modern landfills are designed to address the previous mentioned issues. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has upgraded requirements for landfill siting. New landfills are to be sited well above the water table on high ground. The floor is contoured so water drains into a tile leachate collection system. The sides and floor are covered with a plastic liner and at least two feet of compacted soil. This allows any percolating leachate to drain into the leachate collection system and be treated as necessary. Layers of refuse are positioned so the fill is built up in the shape of a pyramid. It is then with at least 18 inches of earthen material and then seeded. This cap and the pyramid shape help the landfill in shedding water. The entire landfill site is surrounded by groundwater monitoring wells and periodically checked. This checking must go on indefinitely. (Wright, 2011). Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa I chose the Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa for innovative practices in making it more productive and reducing its environmental impact. In reading the description of this landfill, it seemed more like a recreation area and less like a landfill. I could tell a lot of thought and planning went into this. This landfill contains several â€Å"cells† to hold waste. Soil from the landfill area is removed and put in storage. The resulting hole is the cell. Once the cell is full the soil is replaced. Vegetation is also removed and placed in a large holding nursery on the site. This is called Plant Rescue Unit or PRUNIT. There is a barrier system in each cell to prevent harmful waste by-products from seeping into the environment. Leachate is treated on site. This is done by a biological primary treatment with sludge followed by a â€Å"polishing treatment† by a reed bed. The Mariannhill site treats landfill water to reduce leachate until the water is reusable. Mariannhill has also set up a landfill gas extraction scheme. It has been operational for four years as of 2008. It also has a bird hide and conservation area with nature trails that link up with existing green space in the metro. (Mariannhill Landfill Conservancy, 2008). This has been a truly eye-opening assignment. Little did I realize as a child that some of the areas I was playing in were so dangerous. I’m not sure if my parents knew, but they always told me to stay away from places like that. I am so thankful these places (older landfills and â€Å"dumps†) are practically figments of the imagination now. We need to take better care of our planet! Let’s all chip in!

Things Fall Apart (Coming of White Men)

Thing Fall Apart Chinua Achebe Discuss how the coming of the White men makes Umuofia â€Å"fall apart†. Make reference to the religious, economic, political and social impact of the British culture on the traditions of the clan. As the novel opens, we get to know Umuofia, one of Igbo’s nine villages, as an organized but somehow different civilization. Chinua Achebe portrays life in this village as rough and harsh, conveying to the readers that only brave men would succeed in it. As said before, even though these civilizations are stereotyped and seen as primitive, we can clearly see that their lives are completely balanced between faith and order.It is actually astonishing to see how such a different way of life, to what we think and see as the normal life, may be as much or even more organized than ours. Even though both civilization are completely organized and function perfectly well, they could never live together in harmony. One would end up consuming the other as they were not meant to coexist. We may think we are educating and helping â€Å"uncivilized men†, but we are actually disintegrating their beliefs, their organization, their politics and their language. We are not aiding them, but destroying their religion and their society.We are, in other words, banishing their culture. A culture that will be lost forever. Hence, we may say, that in many ways the coming of White men made Umuofia â€Å"fall apart†. To begin with, the coming of the white men made Umuofia fell apart as their religion was greatly affected. The village of Umuofia was sustained by their beliefs and their gods, who criticized and punished the lazy men and those who were not worthy of worshipping them. Therefore the coming of a new monotheist and more peaceful religion brought huge changes in some of Umuofia’s most important traditions.These white men questioned most of Umuofia’s beliefs such as the dangers that inhabited the evil forest by set ting their livings there. This first action brought great controversy in the clan as people thought that whoever stayed in the forest for a certain period of time would painfully die. The resistance these white men showed to that â€Å"evil force† led many people to get interested in the new religion. People suddenly began questioning their own beliefs and traditions, questioning why they should venerate gods who were bound to punish, and not one God who was merciful towards humanity.The village divided in to those who remained steadfast to their traditions, and those who began to adopt the new ones. Society completely turned over after these events. Those who turned into Christianity were seen as the elite of the society. The clan was getting weaker and weaker every day, as more and more people turned into Christianity. The time soon come that the clansmen had not enough forces to control the missionaries. They should have reacted before, but only the exiled Okonkwo was brav e enough to face the white men.Hence, we may conclude that the imposition of a new religion severely damaged the village by, splitting it in two, reducing their forces and their willing to fight, and proving most of their beliefs false. Summarizing this, it massively weakened the most powerful and feared clan of the nine villages. Economically, Umuofia was also affected by the arrival of white men. Hitherto, Umuofia had presented us a hierarchical society, were men who showed to be brave, hard workers and strong enough, occupied the highest places in society, while lazy and unmanly men were found at the bottom of the pyramid.Since, the missionaries arrived, things turned around, the lazy and humble men who decided to accept and worship the new god began to get richer and richer, while the hard worker farmers were left behind. Money began circulating in the tribe but only those who turned into Christianity had it. Hence, no one interested in trading, and so, farmers were getting poor er every day. We may say that Umuofia was not destroyed economically but it was greatly affected, some suffered a lot of it, but some others were benefited by these changes. The arrival of the white men also led to massive changes in the village’s politics.They subjected the villagers to their own judicial system and rules, imposing an extremely different and harsh government over them. As white men didn’t respect nor understand the clan’s customs, many men were punished for following their â€Å"uncivilized† traditions. In chapter twenty one Okonkwo discusses with Obierika about Aneto, who was recently hanged by the government after he killed a man with whom he had a dispute. Clearly the new ruling system didn’t take into account old customs. It is completely correct actually, to punish a murderer, or any kind of criminal, but by doing so we are destroying their customs and their traditions.When Enoch unmasked an Egwugwu, considered to be the high est possible crime in Umuofia, the church did nothing, as again, they didn’t respect their customs. Unmasking an Egwugwu in Umuofia is as much or even more harsh than killing a man is for the white men, it can only be compared with killing a god. Once again, the new government doesn’t punish this event. This is a great example of how, Umuofia was left weak and subjected to the white men ruling. We can see now, that they are not trying to make Umuofia a more civilized village, but a more British one.Hence we may conclude that by imposing a new government who ignores their customs, the coming of the white men are making Umuofia fall apart. Finally, culturally Umuofia also fell apart thanks to the arrival of the white man. The new comers introduced a school, which taught their own rules, their beliefs, and their culture. They educated younger villagers that way, so that they could later control them more easily. They were kind of brain washed to believe and trust whatever they do. Education is not bad, of course, but they were not educating them to be better and more intelligent villagers, they were educating them to be other persons.They changed their minds. Young boys were dragged out of farming into the school. In other words, they were dragged out of their lives, from whom they really are. Another cultural change imposed by the white men were hospitals, we can’t say that’s something bad, but that is not how Umuofia is. When we say that it â€Å"fell apart†, we are not actually saying that everything went wrong for them, that all changes were bad. Some, like the introduction of hospitals in the tribe, were actually a massive improvement.Indeed, some of the politics imposed do try to make Umuofia a â€Å"safer† place, where killing is punished, and leaving twins in the forest to die is seen as an abomination. That’s perfectly fine, they may be improving in some ways their lives, but the culture, the old tradition s, their beliefs, everything was lost. Everything Umuofia was, suddenly banished. Everything it represented, their gods, their traditions, and their culture were destroyed. Nobody left to defend their customs, nobody left to respect them. Only memories were left of Okonkwo, Umuofia and their old lives. Everything Umuofia was†¦ fell apart.

Analyzing Both Sides of the Conflict Theory Essay

Conflict theory was the first radical criminological theory proposed by the scholars in the 1960s (Barkan, p. 254). It particularly analyzes the role of conflicts in class, gender, and power in the incidences of crimes in a particular society. It tells that these conflicts are the reasons why people commit crimes.   This specific thought opposes the view of the consensus theory which perceives crime as â€Å"any behavior that violates criminal law† (Barkan, p. 14). To compare, Conflict theory believes that a crime is far more complex than the first definition, assuming that people do not share the same values, beliefs, and dispositions. Because of this, the conflict theory becomes one of the theories that are applicable for larger contextual conditions. In fact, the theory encompasses a wide range of areas which makes it divided into sub- categories, such as radical criminology, peacemaking criminology, radical feminism, and left realism. (Greek, 2005). These minorities—the poor, Blacks, Hispanics, to name a few—are being given focus and importance through the theory. Marx and Engels specified that justice is not attainable and is unfairly being administered to the minorities. Through the conflict theory, an explanation on why minorities get involved with crimes is provided. The theory explains that laws against crimes are made not for the interest of everyone but only for themselves. Laws are made to serve the interest of the powerful who knows that their illegal malpractices can only become legal if the laws will be made based on their needs.   This made conflict theory sounds more realistic with consensus theory. It has able to portray the problem with power struggles as a source of crime motives that other theories disregarded or missed to see. However, proponents of the conflict theory also got blinded and missed to see some of the criticisms regarding the conflict. First of all, it is said that the conflict theory is too generalized and assuming with its discussion on the implementation of laws in societies. Laws connected to the prevention of street crimes such as robbery and murder do not necessarily serve the purpose of the powerful and neglects the less powerful minorities. In fact, such kinds of laws are directed to serve the security of everyone, and not just a little percentage of the people. The theory seems to forget that although people are different in some aspects, they still posses the same characteristics and needs. In this particular situation, all people need security for their lives. The laws protecting people’s lives could not be considered as law protecting only the interests of those who are in power; it is also for the benefit of other people. In addition to this criticism, the theory of conflict also shows a weak spot in terms of labeling disparities. There has been inconsistency in the evidence of such gaps tackling how dominant groups use the law to support their personal interests. In this way, the theory, in some ways, lose slightly its credibility. Nevertheless, the greatest strength of the theory is its vast and radical way of exploring the reason behind crimes in societies. These crimes are deeply rooted in the skins of the people who commit them. Although committers of crime are being treated as lowly kind of persons, their condition is being protected by the conflict theory. The theory will simply said that instead of committers, the minorities are victims of a much bigger crime brought about by the powerful groups to them. The theory, instead of prosecuting them, is aiming to reason out their main reason why they have done such crimes. Conflict theory acts like a lawyer who defends a person who has valid reasons behind the crime he committed. The lawyer may lack reliable and consistent evidence to prove the innocence of his client, but still, he believes in the accountability of the person. References Barkan, S.E. (2005). Criminology:   Sociological Understanding.   New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall   Bartos, J.O.   Wehr, P.E. and Paul Wehr. ( 2002). Using Conflict Theory. New York: Cambridge University Press Greek, C.E. Criminological Theory.   November 2005. Retrieved on 4 June 2008. http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/conflict.htm Lenski, G.E. (1966). Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification. McGraw-Hill.   

Critical Analysis of Lisbon Treaty Literature review

Critical Analysis of Lisbon Treaty - Literature review Example The Lisbon Treaty came out as the amendment of the existing EU treaties to address concerns of the group of countries and people, who had earlier rejected the constitution treaty, for the option of the retaining their national sovereignty. It was signed on 13 December 2007, by the EU leaders in Lisbon after thorough work out at intergovernmental conference, previously held in July the same year (Archick and Mix, 2010, p. 3). Lisbon treaty worked towards clarifying the responsibilities and the way forward for the EU, and clearly informing the society of its main objective as an institution. Most of the proposed plans intended to be approved in the constitution treaty were reflected in the Lisbon treaty. According to Archick and Mix, â€Å"analysts assessed that over 90% of the substance of the constitutional treaty had been preserved in the Lisbon Treaty† (2010, p. 3). In the treaty, issues of EU legal personality, which extend to emphasize the concept of individuals from EU me mber states to be EU citizen, are addressed as stated in article 8 of provisions on democratic principles in Lisbon treaty. It also paved way for changes in voting system to embrace Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) in effective decision making. Two extra posts exist created in the treaty for the permanent president of the European council and foreign policy post. The structural change in the EU commission altered the decision process of the EU council, giving new power to the European parliament, extending ECJ powers into home affairs and in return, affecting areas in judicial, human rights, and foreign policies (civitas.org.uk, 2011). The Lisbon treaty could have been effective much earlier, but some EU member states delayed the ratification of the treaty till 2009, when all the member states gave their approval. Democratic Deficit The European Union institutional structure has been accused of lacking proper procedure in decision making, which affects all member states once an issue is approved or rejected. Some countries and regions have no influence in the decisions made, which only end up being under the control of powerful states. The Lisbon treaty has been termed as one strategy in an attempt to cure democratic deficit in the European Union. However, even if the treaty has been ratified, some countries have done so in conditions that for some areas of application, they have an option to rely on their individual consent as a nation. According to Klenanc, democratic deficit occurs when the competence shifts from a national level to a supranational level, preventing smooth integration of the EU (2011, p. 14). The council of European Union and European commission, European parliament, European Central Bank, and European court of justice has been exercising specific powers, enough to block one group from being considered in reaching at a crucial decision. As a result, the institutions can be termed to lack accountability, and for some, the legitimacy as indivi dual member states. European Parliament before the Lisbon Treaty The European parliament has always been on evolution, seeking to strengthen its powers in several legislative areas. As many perceived it, it only began as a deliberative organ with few national members as delegates, but later recognized as the only European organ with

Teaching as an art and science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teaching as an art and science - Essay Example Most schools and colleges run for only nine months in the year altogether, and there is seldom any necessity for a teacher to be on call every hour of the working day. Of course there is a great deal to be done outside teaching hours. Some of it is routine -- preparing examinations, reading papers, interviewing pupils. Some of it is research and preparation. But much of this kind of work can be done in one's own time, at one's own home, or in the quiet of a book-room. The great advantage of this is that comparatively few teachers are tied to the desk, chained to the telephone which begins to ring at nine on Monday morning and is still chattering at noon on Saturday, or limited for vacations to a fortnight in July among the millions of exhausted factory-workers (Highet, 1950). Teaching is an art form. The educator is an artist and, as artist, aims at creating an experience of enduring meaning. Varieties of techniques are developed to generate this extraordinary experience. Success is measured in the degree that students and educator have this experience. Sharing in or participating in the development and enhancement of knowledge is one of the richest of aesthetic moments. The rare teacher who understands and creates the conditions for such moments becomes a seminal image in student memories. Students who participate in a magic moment of learning become and remain a source of delight and pride for the artist - they become, with reverence, his or her students. But, if education does have an aesthetic dimension, what is it and what is its connection with the ethical constituents of teaching and learning The answer is found when learning is conceived of as a shared experience given form by a most special aim or end. The point at which the tensions of struggling individual selves, the distinctions of rank and function flower into a unity of shared meanings that enhance the experience of teacher and student constitutes the end, the target, the bull's eye of the academic process. An understanding of what shared meanings enhance our lives indicates how they are to be shared, that is, what the ethics of teaching are (Hook, Kurtz, & Todorovich, 1977). Teacher and learner strive to know how the social, biological, and physical processes that constitute existence can be unified in ways that render our lives more wondrous, more humane, more gratifying - that is, more wise. This communal process, the communal development of wisdom itself, becomes the criterion, the aesthetic measure of the quality of teaching and learning. To repeat, the aesthetic objective - the sharing of meanings in ways that promote mutual growth - serves as the criterion to evaluate the worth of the means employed to teach. Are the means employed conducive to developing habits that constitute intelligence and confidence in judgment Do the means render one more sensitive to the beauty of learning from and teaching others Do we gain a growing appreciation of what actions establish connections with the social, biological, and physical world that sustain becoming The "ethics of teaching" is quite clearly, then, the effort to understand and implement those actions that stimulate